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🎧 Práctica audio inglés avanzado
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📝 Diálogo inglés avanzado
In contemporary international relations small failures precipitate large crises. I will describe one such episode. It began with a sudden blackout in a regional capital. The blackout was not merely an inconvenience. It compromised encrypted cables and diplomatic routers. The loss of communications produced a cascade of misperceptions. Alex, a junior analyst at a foreign ministry, noticed anomalous traffic patterns. Alex flagged the anomalies to senior colleagues. The blackout constrained conventional signaling between states. That constraint made escalation more probable. Meanwhile local infrastructure faltered. A nearby refugee camp suffered overflowing drains. The camp became smelly and dangerous. Aid convoys delayed. Later a ship carrying fuel developed a smelly bilge that further complicated logistics. The smelly conditions were cited in situational reports. This case illustrates several theoretical points. Hegemonic stability is contingent on robust communications. Contingent alliances degrade under attrition. Asymmetric capabilities can exploit a communication blackout. Normative expectations about restraint erode when signals fail. Practitioners must therefore invest in redundancy. Alex's report argued for distributed architectures. His recommendation was pragmatic and prescient. It reduced political frictions after the blackout. The episode shows how material details, even smelly ones, can shape high politics.
📝 📚 Preguntas de práctica avanzadas
1
What initially triggered the diplomatic crisis described in the passage?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
A
Explicación:
Correct: The passage opens by saying the episode began with a sudden blackout. B, C and D are plausible causes of crises but were not mentioned. A large protest, an earthquake, and a public health outbreak are not described in the passage as the initiating event.
2
What was Alex's role during the incident?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
B
Explicación:
Correct: The passage explicitly identifies Alex as 'a junior analyst at a foreign ministry.' The other roles are plausible in the context but are not stated and contradict the text.
3
Which location is first described as 'smelly and dangerous'?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
B
Explicación:
Correct: The passage states that a nearby refugee camp 'suffered overflowing drains' and 'became smelly and dangerous.' The other locations are not described that way. Although a ship's bilge is later described as smelly, the refugee camp is the first location labeled 'smelly and dangerous.'
4
Why does the passage suggest the blackout made escalation more probable?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
B
Explicación:
Correct: The passage explains that the loss of communications produced a cascade of misperceptions and that the blackout 'constrained conventional signaling between states,' making escalation more probable. A is incorrect because there is no mention of physical destruction of military assets. C is not described; the text mentions increased probability of escalation due to signaling failures, not troop surges. D is unrelated and contrary to the idea of escalation risk.
5
What policy solution does the speaker endorse or inferly favor?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
B
Explicación:
Correct: The passage explicitly recommends that 'practitioners must therefore invest in redundancy' and notes Alex's report argued for 'distributed architectures.' A is the opposite of distributed redundancy. C is mentioned as a normative expectation that can erode, not as the preferred solution. D is not proposed in the passage, which focuses on communications, not military buildup.
6
In the phrase 'Hegemonic stability is contingent on robust communications,' what is the best meaning of 'contingent'?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
A
Explicación:
Correct: 'Contingent on' means 'dependent on.' B is incorrect because 'contingent' does not imply certainty. C is incorrect; 'contingent' is not synonymous with harmful. D is incorrect because while 'contingent' can imply conditionality, it does not specifically mean temporary.
7
Which of the following most directly reduced political frictions after the blackout, according to the passage?
Respuesta Incorrecta
Respuesta Correcta:
B
Explicación:
Correct: The passage states 'Alex's report argued for distributed architectures' and 'His recommendation... reduced political frictions after the blackout.' A is not mentioned. C and D are plausible actions but the text attributes the reduction in frictions specifically to Alex's recommendation and the distributed architectures it proposed.
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